harappa civilisation

 The Harappan civilization, too known as the Indus Valley Civilization, was an old urban civilization that created along the Indus Waterway and other streams. The civilization is named after the city of Harappa, which was the to begin with location found in the locale.

Discovery

The civilization was discovered in 1924 by Sir John Marshall, the director-general of the Archaeological Survey of India. 

Dates

The civilization existed from around 3300 BCE to 1900 BCE, but flourished around 2500 BCE. 

Achievements

The Harappans created the first standardized weights and measures, and produced pottery, jewelry, sculpture, and seals from materials like stone, metal, and terracotta. 

End

The civilization ended due to climate change, geographic changes, deforestation, and floods. 

Origin

Some scholars believe that the Harappan culture was assimilated during an Aryan migration into northwest India. 

Oldest site

The oldest Harappan site in India is Bhirrana village in Fatehabad district, which has been dated to 7570-6200 BC.

Gandhi shabarmathi ashram

HISTORY

 On his go back from South Africa, Gandhi's first Ashram in India turned into mounted withinside the Kochrab place of Ahmedabad on 25 May 1915. The Ashram turned into then shifted on 17 June 1917 to a bit of open land at the banks of the river Sabarmati. Reasons for this shift included: he desired to do a little experiments in dwelling eg farming, animal husbandry, cow breeding, Khadi and associated positive activities, for which he turned into searching for this type of barren land; mythologically, it turned into the ashram webweb page of Dadhichi Rishi who had donated his bones for a righteous war; it's miles among a prison and a crematorium as he believed that a satyagrahi has to continuously visit both area. The Sabarmati Ashram (additionally referred to as Harijan Ashram) turned into domestic to Mohandas Gandhi from 1917 till 1930 and served as one of the fundamental centres of the Indian freedom struggle. Originally referred to as the Satyagraha Ashram, reflecting the motion in the direction of passive resistance released with the aid of using the Mahatma, the Ashram have become domestic to the ideology that set India unfastened. Sabarmati Ashram named for the river on which it sits, turned into created with a twin challenge. To function an organization that could keep on a look for reality and a platform to carry collectively a collection of people dedicated to non-violence who could assist steady freedom for India.

By conceiving this sort of imaginative and prescient Gandhi and his fans was hoping to foster a brand new social assemble of reality and non-violence that could assist to revolutionize the present sample of like.

While on the Ashram, Gandhi shaped a faculty that targeted on guide labour, agriculture, and literacy to improve his efforts for self-sufficiency. It turned into additionally from right here at the 12 March 1930 that Gandhi released the well-known Dandi march 241 miles from the Ashram (with seventy eight companions) in protest of the British Salt Law, which taxed Indian salt a good way to sell income of British salt in India. This mass awakening crammed the British jails with 60 000 freedom fighters. Later the authorities seized their property, Gandhi, in sympathy with them, spoke back with the aid of using asking the Government to forfeit the Ashram. Then Government, however, did now no longer oblige. He had with the aid of using now already determined on 22 July 1933 to disband the Ashram, which later have become asserted area after the detention of many freedom fighters, after which a few neighborhood residents determined to maintain it. On 12 March 1930 he vowed that he could now no longer go back to the Ashram till India gained independence. Although this turned into gained on 15 August 1947, while India turned into declared a unfastened nation, Gandhi turned into assassinated in January 1948 and by no means returned.

Over the years, the Ashram have become domestic to the ideology that set India unfastened. It aided endless different international locations and those of their personal battles in opposition to oppressive forces.

Today, the Ashram serves as a supply of concept and guidance, and stands as a monument to Gandhi's existence challenge and an affidavit to others who've fought a comparable struggle.

INDIAN HOLIEST RIVER GANGA

 

• The Ganges River, also known as the Ganga, is a sacred swash in India that flows from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal Significance The Ganges is a holy swash in Hinduism, where it's worshipped as the goddess Ganga Ma. Hindus believe the swash has magical mending parcels and descended from the welkin to purify sins. Basin The Ganges River receptacle is India's most important swash receptacle, covering 860,000 square kilometers across 11 countries. It's home to over 600 million people, which is nearly half of India's population
• The Ganga Stream Bowl is domestic to more than 600 million Indians.
• As India's holiest stream, the Ganga has a social and otherworldly noteworthiness that distant rises above the boundaries of its basin.
• Despite this notorious status and devout legacy, the Ganga nowadays is confronting imposing contamination weights and related dangers to its biodiversity and natural sustainability.
• The Ganga is India's most vital and notorious waterway. It streams down from its cold source in the tall Himalayas to course through five states in the northern fields some time recently depleting into the whirling waters of the Cove of Bengal through the Sunderbans delta, the biggest mangrove framework in the world. Along its 2,500 km travel, the stream enhances tremendous swathes of rural arrive and maintains a long parade of towns and cities.
• The sprawling Ganga bowl, an range of 860,000 sq km spread over 11 states, is the world’s most crowded waterway bowl. It is domestic to more than 600 million Indians, near to half the country’s populace; and over 40 percent of the country’s GDP is created in this locale. The bowl gives more than one-third of India’s surface water, 90 percent of which is utilized for water system. Incomprehensibly, this prolific locale is moreover domestic to a few of the poorest segments of India’s populace, with more than 200 million individuals living underneath the national destitution line.
• As India's holiest waterway, the Ganga has a social and otherworldly importance that distant rises above the basin’s boundaries. It is revered as a living goddess and, since time immemorial, individuals from over the nation have run to the numerous memorable sanctuary towns the lie along the river’s banks to supplicate and bathe in its streaming waters.
• 
• The Ganga in India Ganga River is called, in Bangladesh{ Padma}, is a trans- boundary sluice of Asia which streams through India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km( 1,569 mi)-long raceway rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It streams south and east through the Gangetic plain of North India, getting the right- bank influent, the Yamuna, which also rises in the western Indian Himalayas, and a many left- bank feeders from Nepal that regard for the bulk of its inflow. In West Bengal state, India, a confluent conduit taking off from its right bank occupies 50 of its sluice southwards, misleadingly uniting it to the Hooghly Stream
• The Ganges proceeds into Bangladesh, its title changing to the Padma. It's at that point joined by the Jamuna, the lower sluice of the Brahmaputra, and in the long run the Meghna, shaping the major creek of the Ganges Delta, and purifying into the Inlet of Bengal. The Ganges – Brahmaputra – Meghna frame is the alternate- largest raceway on soil by discharge. The abecedarian stem of the Ganges starts at the city of Devprayag, at the conversion of the Alaknanda, which is the source sluice in hydrology on account of its further noteworthy length, and the Bhagirathi, which is considered the source sluice in Hindu tradition.
• The Ganges is a help to knockouts of millions of individualities who live in its coliseum and depend on it for their day by day needs. It has been vital truly, with multitudinous former common or majestic centrals similar as Pataliputra, Kannauj, Sonargaon, Dhaka, Bikrampur, Kara, Munger, Kashi, Patna, Hajipur, Kanpur, Delhi, Bhagalpur, Murshidabad, Baharampur, Kampilya, and Kolkata set up on its banks or those of its feeders and associated conduits. The raceway is domestic to roughly 140 species of angle, 90 species of brutes of land and water, and too reptiles and warm thoroughbred brutes, counting unnaturally doomed species similar as the gharial and South Asian raceway dolphin. The Ganges is the most sacrosanct sluice to Hindus. It's adored as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism. The Ganges is undermined by serious impurity. This not as it were postures a trouble to people but too to multitudinous species of brutes. The situations of fecal coliform bitsy organisms from mortal squander in the sluice close Varanasi are further than 100 times the Indian government's sanctioned limit.The Ganga Activity Arrange, an natural exertion to clean up the sluice, has been considered a failure which is else credited to debasement, a need of will in the government, destitute technical moxie, destitute natural planning, and a need of back from devout authorities. 

Why is Ganga stream so famous?

• Ganges Stream Definition, Area & Significance - Lesson ...
• The Ganges Waterway is respected by Hindus as a image of otherworldly virtue with mysterious recuperating properties and is one of the most imperative bodies of water in devout hones. Worshiped as the goddess Ganga Ma, the stream is accepted to have plummeted from the sky to filter sins and secure ,

DEVOTIONAL PLACES ALONG WITH GANGA 

There are many devotional places along the Ganges River, including:

• Varanasi: A sacred Hindu pilgrimage destination and one of the three holy towns for immersion in the Ganga
• Haridwar: A Hindu pilgrimage destination and the "Gateway to Heaven"
• Allahabad (Prayagraj): A holy town for immersion in the Ganga and a site of the Kumbh Mela religious fair
• Gangotri: The source of the Ganges River and the seat of the Hindu goddess Ganga
• Rishikesh: A popular tourist destination in Uttarakhand that's also known for yoga and adventure sports
• Devprayag: The confluence of the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi rivers, where the river becomes the Ganges
• Prayagraj: The confluence of the Ganga, Yamuna, and Sarasvati rivers, forming the Triveni Sangam

GANGARIVER PASSES THROUGH BELOW STATE

• Uttarakhand, 
• Uttar Pradesh, 
• Bihar, 
• West Bengal, 
• Jharkhand

MAJOR CITIES ALONG WITH GANGA

Since time immemorial, hundreds of millions of people have depended on the Ganga for their daily needs. It has immense environmental, economic, and cultural significance, and the towns and cities on its banks have benefitted immensely from it. It flows through many cities of India. Name of the most important cities that lie on the banks of the Ganga River

The Ganga River passes through . Consequently, it passes through many cities in these states. Some major cities are 

1. Haridwar, 
2. Rishikesh, 
3. Kanpur, 
4. Jajmau, 
5. Allahabad, 
6. Mirzapur, 
7. Ghazipur, 
8. Patna, 
9. Bhagalpur,
10.  Baharampur, 
11. Kolkata, 
12. Bhagalpur, 

Important cities in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh and the impacts of river Ganga on them

• Haridwar: It is a city in Uttarakhand and located at a distance of 253 km from the opening of river Ganga at Gaumukh at the rim of the Gangotri glacier. It is one of the four places where Kumbha Mela is celebrated. Here, the water of Ganga is the clearest and frosty compared to other cities it passes through. However, this characteristic is not shown in the stormy season. 
• Kanpur: It is located in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and lies on the right side of the river Ganga. This place is raised high from the Ganga River and causes the city’s water level never to surge. However, some rustic edges of the city lie on the flood inclined zone of the Ganga, and its water frequently surges in the towns and cities located here, amid the rainy season.
• Prayagraj: It is located in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. This place is the seventh most crowded city in the state and the second most established city in India. It is an important Hindu holy city and one of the locations where the Kumbha Mela is celebrated.

Prime cities in Bihar and West Bengal and the impacts of river Ganga on them.

• Patna: It is the largest city in the Indian state of Bihar and has a width of 8 km along the southern river bank. Here, it straddles Punpun, Son, and Gandak. River Ganga leads to highly fertile alluvial rich fields here, yielding Sugarcane, Rice, etc. 
• Bhagalpur: It lies on the southern banks of Ganga and is the second-largest city of Bihar, after Patna. It has a significant dock of the Ganga River, known as Champanagar, now called Champanala. Also, the famous Vikramshila Gangetic dolphins reside in the Vikramshila Gangetic dolphins Sanctuary.
• Baharampur: It is located in West Bengal and is its seventh-largest city. Also, this city is a remarkable Jute producer.
• Kolkata: It is the capital city of the Indian state of West Bengal and is situated on the east bank of Hooghly stream. It lies on the lower Ganga delta of eastern India.

The river Ganga first touches the boundary of Jharkhand in its district named Sahebganj. Here, it flows eastwards and has a length of 80 km here.

Promotes economy in the cities on its banks

The water provided by the river Ganga and its tributaries are a perennial source of irrigation and lead to the production of many crops like rice, oilseeds, and potatoes. Apart from this, it also provides fishing opportunities. As a result, millions of people come from India to dip in the Ganga in the three holy towns to Hinduism named Haridwar, Allahabad (Prayagraj), and Varanasi. In this way, it promotes tourism. Additionally, it attracts adventure enthusiasts in the summer months in a town

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sam sand dunes Jaisalmer

 Sam sand dunes, is one of the most authentic desert dune site in whole India, where you will find 30-60 meter tall sand dunes, and many travelers enjoying Desert Safari on camels or jeep, Sam is 45 km west from Jaisalmer city, where you can reach by hiring a can from Jaisalmer city and then stay in one of many desert camps, built in 2-3 km radius of sand dunes.

The best time to reach Sam sand dunes is around evening (sunset) at around 4-7 PM or early morning, during sunrise time of 4 to 6 am. You can book a camel or jeep (which is available at desert camps) to reach.the sunset point, that is 20-30 minutes from the campsite.

The best time to visit Sam or even Jaisalmer is from October to March (Feb) as in the renaming months, all the camps are closed and only few camel riders will be available. As as many travelers love to attend the evening musical program at Sam (at the desert camps), you won’t be able to attend them in summer and monsoon months.

A view on Sam Sand Dunes by Lonely Planet

A rare desert area which lies just in the edge of Jaisalmer Desert National Park and is also rated as top 10 must see tourist destinations in Rajasthan by Lonely Planet & Tripadvisor, Sam Sand Dunes are simply amazing. These dunes are 42-45 Kms away from the golden city (Jaisalmer) and has a nice sealed non-bumpy road which is maintained by Indian Arm forces.

If you ask me, these sand dunes are the very much similar to Sahara desert. The best time to visit these dunes is either sunset (around 4-7 PM) or sunrise (4-6 AM). There are many other activities which once can enjoy like these dunes have many locals who offer camel safari & jeep safari.

Plus there are many desert camp owners who offer Swiss tents and mud cottages just next to Sam dunes. Here once can enjoy special Rajasthani musical and dance program & by night can have dinner prepared by these camps (both veg and non veg.

And if you are a keen observer of desert then let me also suggest you to shoot some images of desert dung beetle who collects camel dung twice their size.

Despite all these, Jaisalmer isn’t a solo traveler destination or a place where you are like the only person alone in th sand. From the month of October to December, Sam dunes have many domestic and foreign tourists (in good numbers) but still these dunes will offer you space to frame images of vast desert, locals welcoming you at camps, safari vendors following you for a paid camel ride etc.

I will say that Sam dunes in India’s winter is an amazing destination and the best way to judge this point is by exploring these dunes your self.

The Rajasthani Experience

Majority of the travelers prefer to visit the Sam Sand Dunes for a day excursion coming from Jaisalmer, others joining in some camel safaris. There are a lot of camp owners who are offering mud cottages and Swiss tents to tourists. The camp is an exciting way to experience amazing sunsets on the horizon. Bonfires are always an important aspect of the trip where everyone can learn and enjoy the Rajasthani music and dance as well as dinner which is prepared by the camp operators that are either vegetarian or non vegetarian for both the local and international guests. There are also some stray of tea shops and restaurants around the dunes for day trippers to enjoy.

At night, it is a must that travelers get to experience laying in the sand and do stargazing. The place is not populous; there are not enough engines to cause smog in the air, so the chance of seeing stars at night is definitely high.

The best time to visit is during festivals

During the months of October to December is when many tourists drove in the Sam Sand Dunes in very good numbers which cannot cause less enjoyment for each traveler because of the wide space of the Thar Desert. The Sam Sand Dunes is perhaps is most enjoyable during the winter season in India when the heat plummets to its lowest point in a year to explore the dunes even farther.

The whole place becomes some sort of a cultural hub during the months of February and March. The showcase of the Rajasthani culture in general is the yearly organized Desert Festival where extravaganzas such as camel races, folk dance presentations, puppet shows, and competitions to mark the annual celebration held with splendor and display.

Ellora caves indian monument

 

                                                                 

Ellora caves is one of the  wonder caves it's one of the largest rock-cut monastery temple caves complex in the world. In this caves mainly hindus buddhist and jains gods monuments here.This monuments detected from (600 --1000) CE

gods own country alleppy

 

                                               

      

Alleppey(or) alappuzha is the heart of slithering backwaters of kerala also known as venice of east. Alleppey is famous for its several backwaters canals,beaches, paddy fields and lagoons. Alappuzha is heaven of the earth  alleppey is a god owns places, we are seen beauty of nature  at alleppey ,it is famous holiday destination in india throughout the world people comes to every year alappuzha .alleppey is famous for backwaters and houseboats

fort neemrana wonder ful fort

 

                                       

                            

Neemrana Fort-Palace - fifteenth Century (Neemrana, Rajasthan)

553 years recent medieval Fort-Palace | an ideal weekend getaway from Delhi

Built on the two billion-year-old