HOWRAH BRIDGE,WONDERFUL CONSTRUCTION,ENGINEERING WONDER

 

The Howrah Bridge is one amongst the foremost recognised landmarks in metropolis. Connecting metropolis with its near  industrial town of Howrah over the Hooghly stream, the bridge can celebrate its seventy fifth birthday next year.

The construction of the Howrah Bridge was 1st projected in 1862. the govt. of geographical region needed to create a bridge over the Hooghly stream. They asked the Chief Engineer

of the East Indies Railway Company to review the practicability of the concept and are available up with a proposal. except for many reasons, his proposal ne'er materialised.

The construction of the Howrah Bridge was 1st mentioned in 1862 | Manuel Menal / WikiCommons

Later within the 1800s, a bateau bridge or pontoon bridge was designed between Howrah and metropolis. however it wasn’t sturdy enough to handle the massive traffic between the 2 cities or to weather the frequent storms within the space. therefore the geographical region government continuing to seem for alternatives and, many decades later, the new bridge was finally commissioned. The contract to create it absolutely was awarded to an organization referred to as The Braithwaite Burn and Jessop Construction Company.

The Howrah Bridge contains no insane or belts and instead is command along entirely by rivets | Jonathen Abhi / WikiCommons

Constructed while not insane and bolts, the Howrah Bridge was fashioned by interesting the complete steel structure. The bridge formally opened in 1943 once it absolutely was the world’s third longest span. Today, it's the sixth longest bridge of its sort within the world.

It took quite twenty six,000 plenty of steel to create the Howrah Bridge | Shubhankar.sengupta19 / WikiCommons

The Howrah Bridge is additionally thought to be the world’s busiest span. It handles regarding a hundred,000 vehicles and quite a hundred and fifty,000 pedestrians each day. whereas the bridge remains one amongst the key attractions within the town, the Howrah Junction train depot at its Howrah finish is another web site of abundant historical significance because the country’s oldest train depot. At the metropolis finish, the bridge ends right by the beautiful and vibrant Mallick stairs flower market, one amongst the city’s most vivacious markets.

LOCATION

Howra bridge is located in calcutta capital of west bengal state in indian nation

Geographically indian bridge located eastern part of India

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

•  22.5579  North latitude
• 88.35.11   East longitude

MSL ( MEAN SEA LEVEL)

The elevation or mean sea level of calcutta 9.14 meters or 30 ft above sea level

CLIMATE

• Kolkata incorporates a Tropical wet-and-dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). 
• The annual mean temperature is twenty six.8 °C (80 °F); monthly mean temperatures vary from fifteen °C to thirty °C (59 °F to eight6 °F). 
• Summers area unit hot and wet with temperatures within the low 30's throughout|and through} dry spells the most temperatures usually exceed forty °C (104 °F) during might and Gregorian calendar month. 
• Winter tends to last for less than concerning 2 and a  months, with seasonal lows dipping to nine °C – eleven °C (48.2 °F – 51.8 °F) between December and Gregorian calendar month. the best recorded temperature is forty three.9 °C (111 °F) and therefore the lowest is five °C (41 °F). usually throughout early summer, unclean squalls followed by spells of electrical storm and significant rains lash town, transportation relief from the wet heat. These thunderstorms area unit convective in nature, and is domestically referred to as Kal baisakhi
• Rains brought by the Bay of geographic area branch of South-West monsoo lash town between Gregorian calendar month and September and provides town with most of its annual downfall of one,582 mm (62.3 inches). the best downfall happens throughout the monsoon in August (306 mm). town receives a pair of,528 hours of sunshine once a year, with the most daylight occurring in March. Pollution may be a major concern in city, and therefore the Suspended particulate (SPM) level is high when put next to alternative major cities of Asian nation

LOCAL LANGUAGE

• BENGALI

Mobile Network availability in 

CALCUTTA

• Bsnl
• Airtel
• Jio
• Idea
• Vodafone

Howrah bridge  is famous for

It is still popularly referred to as the Howrah Bridge. The bridge is one in all four on the Hooghly stream and could be a celebrated image of Kolkata and West Bengal.

HISTORY OF HOWRAH

1862 proposal by Turnbull

In 1862, the govt of geographical area asked St. George Turnbull, chief engineer of the archipelago Railway Company to review the practicability of bridging the Hooghly watercourse. He had recently established the company's rail terminus in Howrah. He according on nineteen March, with large-scale drawings and estimates, that one The foundations for a bridge at urban center would be at a substantial depth and value attributable to the depth of the mud there. two The impediment to shipping would be tidy.

3 an honest place for the bridge was at Pulta staircase "about a dozen miles north of Calcutta" wherever a "bed of stiff clay existed at no nice depth below the watercourse bed". four A suspended-girder bridge of 5 spans of 401 feet (122 m) and 2 spans two hundred feet (61 m) would be ideal.

Pontoon bridge

The recent bridge that was later replaced by the Howrah Bridge

In view of the increasing traffic across the Hooghly watercourse, a committee was appointed in 1855-56 to review alternatives for constructing a bridge across it.The set up was shelved in 1859-60, to be revived in 1868, once it absolutely was determined that a bridge ought to be made and a new appointed trust unconditional to manage it. The urban center Port Trust was supported in 1870, and also the Legislative department of the then Government of geographical area passed the Howrah Bridge Act within the year 1871 below the geographical area Act IX of 1871, empowering the lieutenant-governor to own the bridge made with Government capital below the aegis of the Port Commissioners.

The Howrah Bridge Act of 1871

Eventually a contract was signed with Sir Bradford Leslie to construct a bridge. completely different components of the bridge were made in European country and shipped to urban center, wherever they were assembled. The collection amount was fraught with issues. The bridge was significantly broken by the nice cyclone on twenty March 1874. A steamer named monocot genus skint from her moorings and collided head-on with the bridge, sinking 3 pontoons and damaging nearly two hundred feet of the bridge. The bridge was complete in 1874,at a complete value of ₹ two.2  million,and opened to traffic on seventeen Oct of that year. The bridge was then 1528 foot. long and sixty two foot. wide, with 7-foot wide pavements on either facet. ab initio the bridge was sporadically unfastened to permit steamers and alternative marine vehicles to undergo. Before 1906, the bridge accustomed be undone for the passage of vessels throughout daytime solely. Since Gregorian calendar month of that year it started gap in the dark for all vessels except ocean steamers, that were needed to undergo throughout daytime.From nineteen August 1879, the bridge was well-lighted by electrical lamp-posts, powered  by the generator at the Mullick staircase pump house.because the bridge couldn't handle the chop-chop increasing load, the Port Commissioners started coming up with in 1905 for a brand new improved bridge.

Plans for a brand new bridge

In 1906 the Port Commission appointed a committee headed by R.S. Highet, chief engineer, archipelago Railway and W.B. MacCabe, chief engineer, urban center Corporation. They submitted a report stating that

Bullock carts fashioned the eight - thirteenths of the vehicle traffic (as determined on twenty seven August 1906, the heaviest day's traffic determined within the port of Commissioners sixteen days' Census of the vehicle traffic across the present bridge). The road on the present bridge is forty eight feet wide except at the shore spans wherever it's solely forty three feet in roadways, every twenty one feet vi inches wide. The road on the new bridge would be wide enough to require a minimum of 2 lines of vehicle traffic and one line of trams in every direction and 2 roadways every thirty feet wide, giving a complete breadth of sixty feet of road approach that area unit quite adequate for this purpose 

The traffic across the present span urban center & Howrah is extremely significant and it's obvious if the new bridge is to air identical website because the existing bridge, then unless a short lived bridge is provided, there'll be serious interruptions to the traffic whereas existing bridge is being rapt to at least one facet to permit the new bridge to be erected on identical website because the gift bridge.

The committee thought of six options:

• Large ferry steamers capable of carrying conveyance load (set up value value900,000, annual value value438,000)
• A transporters bridge (set up value value two million)
• A tunnel (set up value value 338.2 million, annual maintenance value value 1779,000)
• A bridge on piers (set up value value twenty two.5 million)
• A span (set up value value 2140,000, annual maintenance value value two hundred,000)
• An arched bridge
• The committee eventually selected a span. It extended tenders to twenty three corporations for its style and construction. award of £ three,000 (₹ 45,000, at the then exchange rate) was declared for the firm whose style would be accepted.

Planning and estimation

The Howrah Bridge change Act, 1935

The initial construction method of the bridge was stalled thanks to the globe War I, though the bridge was part revived in 1917 and 1927. In 1921 a committee of engineers named the 'Mukherjee Committee' was fashioned, headed by R. N. Mukherji, Sir Clement Hindley, chairman of Kolkata Port Trust and J. McGlashan, Chief Engineer. They referred the interest Sir Basil women's rightist, UN agency projected one span arch bridge. Charles king O"Grady one amongst the Engineers

In 1922 the New Howrah Bridge Commission was established, to that the Mukherjee Committee submitted its report. In 1926 the New Howrah Bridge Act passed. In 1930 the Goode Committee was fashioned, comprising S.W. Goode as president, S.N. Mallick, and W.H. Thompson, to analyze and report on the soundness of constructing a pier bridge between Kolkata and Howrah. supported their recommendation, M/s. Rendel, Palmer and Tritton were asked to think about the development of a bridge of a specific style ready by their chief draftsman mister. Walton. On basis of the report, a worldwide tender was floated. all-time low bid came from a German company, however thanks to increasing political tensions between European nation and nice Britain in 1935, it had been not given the contract. The Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Co. was awarded the development contract that year. The New Howrah Bridge Act was amended in 1935 to mirror this, and construction of the bridge started future year.

Construction

• The bridge doesn't have buggy and bolts, however was fashioned by fascinating the complete structure. 
• It consumed twenty six,500 a lot of steel, out of that twenty three3,000 a lot of high-tensile steel, called Tiscrom, were provided by Tata Steel.the most tower was created with single stone caissons of dimensions fifty five.31 x 24.8 m with twenty one shafts, each 6.25 metre sq.. 
• The Chief Engineer of the Port Trust, Mr. J. McGlashan, needed to exchange the bateau bridge, with a permanent structure, because the gift bridge interfered with North/South stream traffic. Work couldn't be started as war I (1914–1918) stony-broke out. 
• Then in 1926 a commission beneath the berth of Sir R. N. Mukherjee suggested a bridge of a specific kind to be designed across the stream Hoogly. The bridge was designed by one mister. Walton of M/s Rendel, Palmer & Triton. The order for construction and erection was placed on M/s.Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company in 1939. once more war II (1939–1945 ) intervened. 
• All the steel that was to come back from European country were entertained for war effort in Europe. Out of 26,000 a lot of steel, that was needed for the bridge, solely 3000 tons were provided from European country. 
• In spite of the japanese threat, the then (British) government of Asian nation ironed on with the development. Tata Steel were asked to provide the remaining twenty three,000 a lot of high tension steel. The Tatas developed the standard of steel needed for the bridge and known as it Tiscom. the whole twenty three,000 tons was provided in time. 
• The fabrication and erection work was awarded to an area engineering firm of Howrah: the Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Co.. the 2 anchorage caissons were every sixteen.4 m by 8.2 m, with 2 wells four.9 m square. 
• The caissons were thus designed that the operating chambers inside the shafts might be quickly enveloped by steel diaphragms to permit work beneath compressed gas if needed. The caisson at Kolkata facet was set at thirty one.41 m which at Howrah facet at twenty six.53 m below ground level.
• One night, throughout the method of grabbing out the muck to change the caisson to maneuver, the bottom below it yielded, and also the entire mass plunged 2 feet, shaking the bottom. 
• The impact of this was thus intense that the measuring system at Kidderpore registered it as Associate in Nursing earthquake and a Hindu temple on the shore was destroyed, though it had been after restored. whereas muck was being cleared, various types of objects were stated, as well as anchors, grappling irons, cannons, cannonballs, brass vessels, and coins qualitative analysis back to the Malay Archipelago Company. the task of sinking the caissons was administered nonstop at a rate of a foot or additional per day. 
• The caissons were washed-up through soft stream deposits to a stiff yellow clay twenty six.5 m below ground level. The accuracy of sinking the massive caissons was exceptionally precise, inside 50–75 millimetre of actuality position. 
• once penetrating two.1 m into clay, all shafts were obstructed with concrete once individual dewatering, with some five m of backfilling in adjacent shafts. the most piers on the Howrah facet were washed-up by open wheel dredging, whereas those on the Kolkata facet needed compressed gas to counter running sand. The atmospheric pressure maintained was regarding forty lbs per square measure (2.8 bar), that needed regarding five hundred employees to use.
• Whenever too soft soil was encountered, the shafts symmetrical to the caisson axes were left unexcavated to permit strict management. In terribly stiff clays, an oversized variety of the inner wells were fully undercut, permitting the complete weight of the caisson to be carried by the skin skin friction and also the bearing beneath the external wall. 
• Skin friction on the skin of the stone walls was calculable at twenty nine kN/m2 whereas hundreds on the innovative in clay superimposed the origination stratum reached one hundred tonnes/m The work on the inspiration was completed on Nov 1938.
• By the tip of 1940, the erection of the cantilevered arms was commenced and was completed in mid-summer of 1941. the 2 halves of the suspended span, every two82 feet (86 m) long and deliberation 2,000 tons, were in-built Dec 1941. 
• The bridge was erected by commencing at the 2 anchor spans and advancing towards the middle, with the employment of creeper cranes moving on the higher chord. sixteen hydraulic jacks, every of that had Associate in Nursing 800-ton capability, were ironed into service to affix the 2 halves of the suspended span.
• The entire project price price million (£2,463,887). The project was a pioneer in bridge construction, significantly in Asian country, however the govt. didn't have a proper gap of the bridge because of fears of attacks by Japanese planes fighting the Allied Powers. Japan had attacked the u.  s. at harbour on Dec seven, 1941. the primary vehicle to use the bridge was a solitary tram.
• Howrah Bus Terminus on the point of Howrah Bridge
• The bridge is regarded "The entrance to urban center, because it connects town to Howrah Station".[citation needed]

Description Specifications

• Elevation of Rabindra Setu
• When commissioned in 1943, Howrah was the 3rd-longest bridge within the world, behind Pont DE Québec (549 metres (1,801 ft)) in North American nation and Forth Bridge (521 metres (1,709 ft)) in European nation. it's since been surpassed by 3 bridges, creating it the sixth-longest bridge within the world in 2013. it's a suspension sort balanced cantilever bridge, with a central span one,500 feet (460 m) between centers of main towers and a suspended span of 564 feet (172 m). the most towers ar 280 feet (85 m) high on top of the monoliths and seventy six feet (23 m) apart at the highest. 
• The anchor arms ar 325 feet (99 m) every, whereas the cantilever arms ar 468 feet (143 m) every.The bridge hangs from panel points within the lower chord of the most trusses with thirty-nine pairs of hangers.
• The roadways on the far side the towers ar supported from ground, deed the anchor arms free from deck load. The deck system includes cross girders suspended between the pairs of hangers by a fastened association.
•  Six rows of longitudinal stringer girders ar organized between cross girders. Floor beams ar supported transversely on high of the stringers, whereas themselves supporting never-ending ironed steel troughing system surfaced with concrete.
• 
  
• The longitudinal growth and lateral sway movement of the deck ar taken care of by growth and articulation joints. There ar 2 main growth joints, one at every interface between the suspended span and also the cantilever arms and there ar others at the towers and at the interface of the steel and concrete structures at each approach. 
• There ar total eight articulation joints, three at every of the cantilever arms and one every within the suspended portion. These joints divide the bridge into segments with vertical pin association between them to facilitate motion movements of the deck.The bridge has longitudinal ruling gradient of one in forty from either finish, joined by a vertical curve of radius four,000 feet (1,200 m). The cross gradient of deck is one in forty eight between kerbs.

Traffic

• Bridge Traffic
• Traffic Flow for fast paced serious vehicles
• Year Trams Buses/Vans Trucks
• 1959 13% 41% 46%
• 1986 4% 80% 16%
• 1990 3% 82% 15%
• 1992 2% 80% 18%
• 1999 - 89% 11%
• Traffic Flow for fast paced light-weight vehicles
• Year Two-wheelers/Autos Cars/Taxis
• 1959 2.47% 97.53%
• 1986 24% 76%
• 1990 27% 73%
• 1992 26% 74%
• 1999 20% 80%
• The bridge is the entrance to urban center, connecting it to the Howrah Station, that is one in all the 5 intercity train terminus stations serving Howrah and urban center. As such, it carries the close to entireness of the traffic to and from the station, taking its average daily traffic on the point of nearly one hundred fifty,000 pedestrians and a hundred,000 vehicles.
•  In 1946, a census of the daily traffic was taken, that counted twenty seven,400 vehicles, 121,100 pedestrians and a pair of,997 cattle.the majority of the vehicle traffic comes from buses and cars. before 1993, the bridge additionally carried trams. 
• Trams departed from the terminus at Howrah station towards Sealdah, Rajabazar, Shyambazar, High Court, Dalhousie sq., Park Circus, Ballygunge, Tollygunge etc. In 1993, tram service on the bridge was interrupted because of the increasing load on the structure. However, the bridge still continues to hold far more than the expected load. A 2007 report discovered that just about ninety,000 vehicles were plying on the bridge daily (15,000 of that were goods-carrying), tho' its bearing capability is just sixty,000. 
• one in all the most reasons for the overloading was that, though vehicles carrying up to fifteen tonnes ar allowed on the structure, vehicles with 12-18 wheels and carrying hundreds up to twenty five tonnes typically plied on that. From thirty one might 2007 forrader, overladen trucks were illegal from crossing the bridge and were redirected to the Vidyasagar Setu instead. 
• The road is flanked by footpaths fifteen feet (4.6 m) wide, that ar crowded with pedestrians.

Maintenance

• View of Howrah Bridge, c. 1945
• The urban center Port Trust (KoPT) is unconditional with the upkeep of the bridge. The bridge has been subject to wreck from vehicles because of rash driving, and corrosion because of region conditions and biological wastes. On October 2008, six advanced police investigation cameras were placed to observe the whole 705 metres (2,313 ft) long and thirty metres (98 ft) wide structure from the room. 2 of the cameras were placed underneath the ground of the bridge to trace the movement of barges, steamers and boats on the stream, 
• whereas the opposite four were fastened to the primary layer of beams — one at every finish and 2 within the middle — to observe vehicle movements. This was in response to substantial harm caused to the bridge from collisions with vehicles, in order that compensation may be claimed from the miscreants.
• Corrosion has been caused by bird feces and human forcing out. associate investigation in 2003 discovered that as a results of prolonged chemical action caused by continuous assortment of bird excretory product, many joints and components of the bridge were broken
• As an instantaneous live, the urban center Port Trust engaged contractors to frequently clean the bird feces, at associate annual expense of ₹500,000 (US$7,000). In 2004, KoPT spent ₹6.5 million (US$91,000) to color the whole lot of two.2 million sq. metres (24 million sq. feet) of the bridge. 2 coats of atomic number 13 paint, with a primer of atomic number 30 salt before that, was applied on the bridge, requiring a complete of twenty six,500 litres of paint.
• The bridge is additionally significantly broken by pedestrians projection out acidic, lime-mixed stimulants (gutka and paan).A technical review by Port Trust officers in 2011 disclosed that projection had reduced the thickness of the steel hoods protective the pillars from six to but 3 millimeters since 2007.The hangers want those hoods at the bottom to stop water oozing into the junction of the cross-girders and hangers, and harm to the hoods will jeopardize the security of the bridge. KoPT declared that it'll it'll million (US$28,000) on covering the bottom of the steel pillars with fiberglass casing to stop spit from erosion them.
• On twenty four June 2005, a personal cargo ship M V Mani, happiness to the Ganges Water Transport Pvt. Ltd, whereas attempting to pass beneath the bridge throughout high water, had its funnel stuck beneath for 3 hours, inflicting substantial harm value concerning concerning million to the stringer and longitudinal beam of the bridge. a number of the forty cross-girders were conjointly broken. 2 of 4 tramcar guides, fast and welded with the girders, 
• were extensively broken. Nearly 350 metres (1,150 ft) of 700 metres (2,300 ft) of the track were twisted on the far side repair.] The harm was thus severe that KoPT requested facilitate from Rendall-Palmer & Tritton restricted, the first advisor on the bridge from Britain. KoPT conjointly contacted SAIL for 'matching steel' used throughout its construction in 1943 For the repair, that value around ₹5 million (US$70,000), concerning eight tonnes of steel was used. The repairs were completed in early 2006.

Attractions close to howrah bridge

• Maidan 
• P. Birla Planetarium 
• Paul’s Cathedral 
• Elliot Park 
• Netaji Bhawan 
• Indian repository 
• Shaheed Minar 
• Raj Bhawan 
• Calcutta government building 
• Tipu sawyer Shahi house of prayer 
• Fort William 
• Prinsep staircase 
• South Park Street necropolis 
• Writers Building 
• Kalighat Temple 
• Metcalfe Hall 
• Magen David house of worship 
• Howrah Bridge 

It goes while not expression that exploring the Victoria Memorial repository is one among the highest things to try to to in city. So, move and pay every day at this evergreen monument within the town of Joy.

How to reach

By Air

Netaji Subhash Chandra Satyendra Nath Bose International airfield is set at slug, that is regarding seventeen kilometres removed from the center of the town. This airfield has sensible property across major cities in India and abroad. From the airfield you'll be able to take a taxi or a bus to your final destination. Volvo buses ply on multiple routes therefore simply ensure at the airfield the bus you ought to be taking for your address.

 By Train

Kolkata has AN economical network of railways and is well connected to cities across the country. Superfast trains like Rajdhani categorical and Shatabdi categorical connect metropolis from Delhi and near  places. There ar 2 major railway stations within the town – one is found in Howrah and therefore the alternative at Sealdah.

 By Road

Kolkata is connected with most of the Indian cities by road. The National road range a pair of and vi connect the town with alternative cities and states in India. metropolis encompasses a broad network of presidency and personal buses. The urban center State Transport Corporation (CSTC), urban center Tramways Company (CTC) and province Surface Transport Corporation (WBSTC) run regulars utility within the town. The promenade Terminus within the heart of the town is that the main bus terminus.

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