The Harappan civilization, too known as the Indus Valley Civilization, was an old urban civilization that created along the Indus Waterway and other streams. The civilization is named after the city of Harappa, which was the to begin with location found in the locale.
Discovery
The civilization was discovered in 1924 by Sir John Marshall, the director-general of the Archaeological Survey of India.
Dates
The civilization existed from around 3300 BCE to 1900 BCE, but flourished around 2500 BCE.
Achievements
The Harappans created the first standardized weights and measures, and produced pottery, jewelry, sculpture, and seals from materials like stone, metal, and terracotta.
End
The civilization ended due to climate change, geographic changes, deforestation, and floods.
Origin
Some scholars believe that the Harappan culture was assimilated during an Aryan migration into northwest India.
Oldest site
The oldest Harappan site in India is Bhirrana village in Fatehabad district, which has been dated to 7570-6200 BC.
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Sunday, October 13, 2024
Gandhi shabarmathi ashram
HISTORY
On his go back from South Africa, Gandhi’s first Ashram in India turned into mounted withinside the Kochrab place of Ahmedabad on 25 May 1915. The Ashram turned into then shifted on 17 June 1917 to a bit of open land at the banks of the river Sabarmati. Reasons for this shift included: he desired to do a little experiments in dwelling eg farming, animal husbandry, cow breeding, Khadi and associated positive activities, for which he turned into searching for this type of barren land; mythologically, it turned into the ashram webweb page of Dadhichi Rishi who had donated his bones for a righteous war; it’s miles among a prison and a crematorium as he believed that a satyagrahi has to continuously visit both area. The Sabarmati Ashram (additionally referred to as Harijan Ashram) turned into domestic to Mohandas Gandhi from 1917 till 1930 and served as one of the fundamental centres of the Indian freedom struggle. Originally referred to as the Satyagraha Ashram, reflecting the motion in the direction of passive resistance released with the aid of using the Mahatma, the Ashram have become domestic to the ideology that set India unfastened. Sabarmati Ashram named for the river on which it sits, turned into created with a twin challenge. To function an organization that could keep on a look for reality and a platform to carry collectively a collection of people dedicated to non-violence who could assist steady freedom for India.
By conceiving this sort of imaginative and prescient Gandhi and his fans was hoping to foster a brand new social assemble of reality and non-violence that could assist to revolutionize the present sample of like.
While on the Ashram, Gandhi shaped a faculty that targeted on guide labour, agriculture, and literacy to improve his efforts for self-sufficiency. It turned into additionally from right here at the 12 March 1930 that Gandhi released the well-known Dandi march 241 miles from the Ashram (with seventy eight companions) in protest of the British Salt Law, which taxed Indian salt a good way to sell income of British salt in India. This mass awakening crammed the British jails with 60 000 freedom fighters. Later the authorities seized their property, Gandhi, in sympathy with them, spoke back with the aid of using asking the Government to forfeit the Ashram. Then Government, however, did now no longer oblige. He had with the aid of using now already determined on 22 July 1933 to disband the Ashram, which later have become asserted area after the detention of many freedom fighters, after which a few neighborhood residents determined to maintain it. On 12 March 1930 he vowed that he could now no longer go back to the Ashram till India gained independence. Although this turned into gained on 15 August 1947, while India turned into declared a unfastened nation, Gandhi turned into assassinated in January 1948 and by no means returned.
Over the years, the Ashram have become domestic to the ideology that set India unfastened. It aided endless different international locations and those of their personal battles in opposition to oppressive forces.
Today, the Ashram serves as a supply of concept and guidance, and stands as a monument to Gandhi’s existence challenge and an affidavit to others who’ve fought a comparable struggle.